Strange as it sounds, flood control can be part of the solution to managing California’s droughts. University of California scientists have shown that making more room for floodwaters can improve the state’s groundwater supplies and fisheries.
Removing some levees or rebuilding aging ones some distance away from riverbanks can appreciably replenish aquifers during wet years, providing some relief during droughts.
Researchers at UC Merced and UC Davis found that setting back levees rimming the Cosumnes River south of Sacramento resupplied local groundwater storage even in this fourth year of severe drought.
Groundwater dependence is increasing
Just a brief storm in early February added an estimated 100 to 300 acre-feet of water to underground stores, about three times more than the amount of recharge from irrigation.
“California’s ability to weather droughts depends on storing more water underground,” said UC Davis hydrology professor Graham Fogg. “Putting levees back away from rivers rather than just keeping aging ones intact will help replenish groundwater, benefiting communities and farmers.”
The researchers removed levees adjacent to the river that were in risk of being overtopped, but contained floodwaters across a 500-acre floodplain with levees set far back from the river.
Preliminary results from the research project, now in its fourth year, come as the state steps up work to shore up levees in flood-prone areas. Gov. Jerry Brown last month signed drought emergency legislation that also advanced $660 million of Proposition 1E (2006) money for flood protection, including construction of “setback levees” — those that make room for floodwaters and groundwater recharge.
More salmon, fewer flood risks
Setback levees are expensive. A 3,400-foot-long structure and associated riparian restoration planned along the lower Feather River in Sutter County is estimated at $20 million.
But such projects can bring multiple long-terms benefits. The researchers found that removing the Cosumnes’ levees not only refilled local groundwater supplies but also allowed row crops to persist on the floodplain and actually reduced flood risks for area landowners.
“In wetter years, it even improves the salmon fishery because the floodplain is like an incubator,” said UC Merced associate professor of environmental engineering Joshua Viers. “It provides the right food and water temperature for juvenile salmon. Spending time there helps them grow larger faster, gives them places to hide from predators so there are more of them, and improves their chances of survival once they reach the ocean.”
The project also included researchers from Washington State University and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. It received funding through The Nature Conservancy.
This system should really be considered in the Midwest especially since some of the areas are semi deserts. While it might be expensive the future benefits are surely worth more since it will not only assist in periods of drought be but also in soil retention, which will mean less soil erosion and more nutrients will be kept by the soil and there will be better plant growth.
Set back of levies also helps reduce loss of soil. The calm water of flooded areas allows soil to drop out of the water and build up the soil. This is why floodplains are always very flat, from centuries of sediment being deposited. Farming these areas are problematic due to flooding. However the soil can be removed and used to build up areas where soil was lost.
The set back levees also helps prevent flooding downstream. Water is stored temporarily in the flooded areas. During sever flooding of Missouri river a levee was breached above Fort Calhoun nuclear plant to reduce flooding at the plant.
Sadly here in the midwest the exact opposite approach is taken. Instead of letting water soak into the ground and into aquifer it is drained off. Fields are heavily “tiled” to collect rainwater and send it into streams. This is to allow farmers quicker access to fields after a rain. Not only does it prevent replenishment of aquifer but it drains away nitrogen fertilizer. Causing more nitrate pollution and making dead zone (hypoxia) in Gulf of Mexico worse. Major cities like Des Moines are forced to build multi-million dollar systems to remove the nitrates from drinking water.
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