Electron microscopes are among the most widely used scientific and medical tools for studying and understanding a wide range of materials, from biological tissue to miniature magnetic devices, at tiny levels of detail. Now, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have found a novel and potentially widely applicable method to expand the capabilities of conventional transmission electron microscopes (TEMs). Passing electrons through a nanometer-scale grating, the scientists imparted the resulting electron waves with so much orbital momentum that they maintained a corkscrew shape in free space.
The development opens the possibility of adapting transmission electron microscopy, which can see tinier details than optical microscopy and can study a wider range of materials than scanning probe microscopy, for quick and inexpensive imaging of a larger set of magnetic and biological materials with atomic-scale resolution.
“The spiral shape and angular momentum of these electrons will let us look at a greater variety of materials in ways that were previously inaccessible to TEM users,” said Ben McMorran, one of the authors of the forthcoming research paper. “Outfitting a TEM with a nanograting like we used in our experiment could be a low-cost way to dramatically expand the microscope’s capabilities.”
Although NIST researchers were not the first to manipulate a beam of electrons in this way, their device was much smaller, separated the fanned out beams 10 times more widely than previous experiments, and spun up the electrons with 100 times the orbital momentum. This increase in orbital momentum enabled them to determine that the electron corkscrew, while remarkably stable, gradually spreads out over time. The group’s work was reported in the Jan. 14, 2011, issue of the journal Science.*
The corkscrewing electron beams have the potential to help obtain more information from magnetic materials, according to McMorran “Magnetism, at its most fundamental, results from charges spinning and orbiting, so an electron beam that itself carries angular momentum makes a good tool for probing magnetic materials.”
This technique could also help improve TEM images of transparent objects like biological specimens. Biological material can be difficult to image in ordinary TEMs because electrons pass through it without deflecting. But by using corkscrew electron beams, researchers hope to provide high-contrast, high-resolution images of biological samples by looking at how the spiral wavefronts get distorted as they pass through such transparent objects.
While these imaging applications have not yet been demonstrated, producing corkscrew electrons with nanogratings in a TEM provides a significant step toward expanding the capabilities of existing microscopes.
For more details, read the NIST Jan. 13, 2011 news release, “NIST Puts a New Twist on the Electron Beam,” at www.nist.gov/cnst/vortices_011311.cfm.
* B. McMorran, A. Agrawal, I. Anderson, A. Herzing, H. Lezec, J. McClelland and J. Unguris. Electron vortex beams with high quanta of orbital angular momentum. Science. Published Jan. 14, 2011.
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