The President’s recent Executive Order is attempting to close U.S. borders to citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, with the rationale that it would make Americans safer against the threat of terrorism. But new research from the University of Pennsylvania and Northwestern provides evidence that this action may do just the opposite.
The study, “Backlash: The Politics and Real-World Consequences of Minority Group Dehumanization,” looked at Americans’ dehumanization of Muslims and Mexican immigrants during the 2016 U.S. Republican Primaries, and the consequence that feeling dehumanized had on these minority groups.
In the study, the authors presented American participants with the popular ‘Ascent of Man’ diagram, and had each participant place groups of people where they thought they belonged on this scale, from the ape-like human ancestor (0) through modern human (100). They found that participants placed Muslims and Mexican immigrants significantly lower on the scale than Americans as a whole.
Even after controlling for conservative views and racial prejudice, the authors found that Americans who held dehumanizing views of Muslims or Mexican immigrants were also more likely to cast them in threatening terms, withhold sympathy for them and support tactics toward them like increased surveillance, restricted immigration and deportation.
Overall, support for Donald Trump, who was a candidate for President at the time the data were collected, was strongly correlated with dehumanization of both Muslims and Mexican immigrants. In fact, the correlation between dehumanization and Trump support was significantly stronger than the correlation between dehumanization and support for any of the other Democratic or Republican candidates.
Crucially, the researchers found that these dehumanizing perceptions had consequences. When they asked Latinos and Muslims to report how dehumanized they felt by Donald Trump, Republicans, and Americans in general, they found that perceived dehumanization (or ‘meta-dehumanization’) was high, and the greater this perception, the more inclined individuals were to support violent versus non-violent collective action. Muslims who felt dehumanized also were less willing to assist law enforcement in counterterrorism efforts.
“Feeling not only disliked, but dehumanized by another group has a profound effect on people,” says Emile Bruneau, PhD, the study’s co-author and Director of the Peace and Conflict Neuroscience Lab at the Annenberg School for Communication. “Our past work has shown that Americans who feel dehumanized by Iranians strongly oppose the Iran Nuclear deal and prefer instead to consider military options. It is no different for American Muslims.”
According to Bruneau and his co-author, Nour Kteily, PhD, of the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern, dehumanization can establish a vicious cycle:
“If we use rhetoric and enact policies that make Muslims feel dehumanized, this may lead them to support exactly the types of aggression that reinforce the perception that they are ‘less civilized’ than ‘us.’ In this way, dehumanization can become self-fulfilling in the minds of the dehumanizers and justify their aggression,” Bruneau says.
The authors also noted that American-born Muslims were more likely than foreign-born Muslims to respond to feeling dehumanized with hostility. “Although speculative,” they write, “it may be that those who were born in the United States have a greater expectation than those born elsewhere (and who may not be U.S. citizens) that they will be treated by the rest of their society as fully human.”
According to the authors, dehumanizating views can lead to policies like the present immigration ban, but by making Muslims feel dehumanized, these policies increase the very danger against which they purport to safeguard.
The study was published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Perhaps sociologists should consider the other factors that go into a pause on some Muslims and Latinos coming into the country. There seems a good chance that false news plays too large of a part in their findings.
First the so-called ‘ban’ only directly affects seven nations. There are still about one billion Muslims who can obtain permission and come to the USA. More than forty majority Muslim nations are not mentioned in pause order. It is not a permanent ‘ban’ but a temporary pause in admissions which was perfectly acceptable in stronger form with the last administration but is somehow intolerable for the new president. But never let the truth get in the way of making a completely invalid scientific point, right?
Secondly, Islam and Muslims dehumanize everyone except Muslims. The Quran teaches that everyone except believers in Mohammad and the Quran is nothing more than an animal to be killed or enslaved under the boot of Sharia Law. This is not simply the feelings of a few but what is sincerely believed by every faithful follower of the Islam. When such things are taught as gospel to a large group, people who hold such barbaric faith should expect that they too, will be seen as less than human and treated as pariahs.
In the case of Mexicans and other Latinos coming to the USA, there is not so much a ‘dehumanization’ as there is a demand that those who wish to enter the USA obey the laws, starting with obtaining permission to enter legally. Is it ‘dehumanizing’ that Latin nations require permission to enter their countries and that their laws be followed by foreigners? There is no ‘human right’ that anyone who wants to be in the USA should be able to come. Traditionally people who enter a nation without permission and refuse to obey that country’s laws or assimilate are not considered ‘immigrants’ but ‘colonists’. At the present time, the USA is not open to colonization. Could it be that Latinos feel ‘dehumanized’ because they deliberately fail to understand that distinction or someone told them that they should? Or do they not feel that people of the USA also have ‘human rights’ and a right to self-determination?
If either group feels so strongly that they are ‘oppressed’ that they would become violent in opposition, they should reconcile themselves to the fact that they are heavily outnumbered and violence will be met with equal and greater violence. That, as any sociologist should know, is human nature.