As skydivers well know, it’s a good idea to look before you leap—and to pack a trusty parachute, too. A weighty spacecraft zooming toward a planet’s surface at several miles per second will, after enduring a superhot atmospheric entry, also benefit from careful planning and a reliable parachute.
NASA has used parachutes for many interplanetary missions, and has largely relied on wind-tunnel and airborne drop tests to study their performance.
Now, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s (Berkeley Lab’s) Advanced Light Source (ALS) are working on new X-ray-based tabletop experiments that simulate parachute fabric performance in the extreme conditions of other planets’ atmospheres in microscopic detail.
NASA successfully landed the 1-ton Curiosity rover on Mars in 2012 using a 19.7-meter-wide parachute in combination with rockets and a “sky crane” system to lower the rover from the spacecraft that carried it. As mission designers continue to push toward even heavier robotic payloads, parachute materials will be pushed to their limits.
The first atmospheric tests of 30-meter-wide prototype supersonic parachutes developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) suffered dramatic failures in 2014 and 2015. While NASA is exploring a range of systems to decelerate spacecraft, including rockets and inflatables that can lessen the strain on the parachute, the agency is also seeking to improve parachute designs to handle heavier loads and more extreme stressors.
Harold Barnard, a scientist at Berkeley Lab’s ALS, is developing a test chamber to simulate the strain that parachutes will undergo during atmospheric descent. This chamber can be used with X-rays to capture the 3-D structure of parachute materials as strain is applied.
Berkeley Lab began collaborating with NASA ARC and JPL last year on an R&D project to deduce the fundamental material properties of parachute fabrics from X-ray microtomography experiments at Berkeley Lab’s ALS.
In this NASA video, “Seven Minutes of Terror: The Challenges of Getting to Mars,” researchers describe the complex mix of parachute, tether, jets, and other systems used to land the Curiosity rover on Mars. (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
With this technique, Barnard said, “We can stretch the material while we are simultaneously scanning it. We can watch the fibers tighten and the pores react.”
This artistic rendering shows a parachute system and other stages in a next-generation space mission that incorporates a large, flexible heat shield. (Credit: NASA)
The X-ray technique has provided the best measures yet of this porous structure, or porosity, in parachute materials at tiny scales, said Francesco Panerai, a scientist with AMA Inc. at NASA ARC who is collaborating with Berkeley Lab researchers in this effort.
An illustration of the parachute system for NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft, which successfully landed the Curiosity rover in 2012. (Credit: NASA)
“It’s very difficult to measure the right porosity.” He said there are plans over the next couple of years to test next-generation parachute materials at the ALS that could be used in upcoming human and robotic missions.
Another test chamber that Barnard is building, which doesn’t require X-rays, incorporates several pistons that can push against larger samples of parachute materials at different levels of tension while gases are blown through it. This can be used to measure the material’s permeability, or the ability of gases to push through it.
“We can compare these measurements to smaller-scale X-ray measurements,” he said.
Michael Barnhardt, a senior research scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. (Credit: Marilyn Chung/Berkeley Lab)
Michael Barnhardt, a senior research scientist at NASA ARC and principal investigator of the Entry Systems Modeling Project, said the X-ray research can play an important role in visualizing the fundamental structure of parachute fabrics, in building and fine-tuning fabric models, and in selecting the best material for the job.
“We’d like to have confidence the parachute is going to work every time,” he said.
Learn more about the research partnership between NASA and Berkeley Lab in these articles:
- When Rocket Science Meets X-ray Science: Berkeley Lab and NASA collaborate in X-ray experiments to ensure safety, reliability of spacecraft systems.
- The Heat is On: X-rays reveal how simulated atmospheric entry conditions impact spacecraft shielding.
- Getting to Know Meteors Better: Experiments at Berkeley Lab may help assess risks posed by falling Space rocks.
The Advanced Light Source is a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
Having worked in parachute design for emergency recovery of un-manned vehicles, one of my ideas may be of use to the problem of landing gently on the ground. This applies when the parachute has reduced the sinking speed and vertical energy to a value that normal landing-gears still would be unfit to absorb. It is suggested that just before touching-down a balloon inside the parachute be suddenly inflated (as if it were a car’s air-bag). With correct timing it would pull on the parachute lines before the canopy has a chance to deflate on landing impact, and decelerate the the vehicle mass to more acceptable values of sinking-speed.