Teenagers got 43 more minutes of sleep a night after a four-week intervention that reset their body clocks and helped them go to bed earlier, a study from the Stanford University School of Medicine has shown.
The treatment had two components: brief, early morning flashes of bright, broad-spectrum white light to reset the teens’ circadian clocks, and cognitive behavioral therapy that motivated them to try earlier bedtimes. The findings were published online Sept. 25 in JAMA Network Open.
“Using a passive light therapy during sleep, we can help teens get an extra 43 minutes of sleep every single night,” said senior author Jamie Zeitzer, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.
The light was delivered by a device in the teens’ bedrooms that was programmed to deliver 3-millisecond flashes of light every 20 seconds during the last few hours of sleep. The brief flashes of light did not wake the teens. Zeitzer’s previous research on jet lag had shown that exposure to short flashes of light can trick the brain into adjusting to a new time zone, even during sleep.
Chronic sleep deprivation is common in teenagers, Zeitzer said. The body’s circadian clock, which controls daily rhythms of when we sleep and when we’re awake, is naturally set later in teens than in children or in adults, meaning that teens often don’t feel sleepy until late at night. Teens might also stay up late because of such social influences as homework and electronic device use. Early school start times often require them to wake up before they’re fully rested, further contributing to sleep deprivation.
Prior studies tested whether cognitive behavioral therapy alone could help teens go to sleep earlier. Successes were modest: After the treatments, teens went to sleep 10 to 15 minutes sooner, on average. But these interventions might have put participants at odds with their own body clocks, asking them to try to fall asleep before they were tired, a behavior that is difficult to sustain, Zeitzer said.
“We have a biological drive to stay awake in the hours before we normally go to sleep,” he said. “So our team wondered if we could adjust the circadian timing, having the teens essentially move their brains to Denver while they’re living in California.”
In the first four-week portion of the new study, researchers tested light therapy alone in a group of 72 teenagers. For four weeks, half the participants were exposed to the frequent brief light flashes during the final three hours of their normal sleep period. The remaining participants received a sham light therapy treatment, consisting of three bright flashes of light per hour — too little to reset their body clocks.
Although the light therapy caused the teens who were exposed to it to feel more tired earlier at night, they still stayed up late. Using the light alone was not enough to increase the amount of time they slept.
“We had to convince teens to try to go to sleep earlier,” Zeitzer said.
So, in the second four-week phase of the study, researchers recruited 30 teens; half of them received light therapy during their final two hours of sleep, and half had sham light therapy.
But in this phase of the study, all of the teens also participated in four one-hour sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy to encourage them to go to sleep earlier. Therapists worked with each teen to identify areas of their lives they cared about that would be better if they had more sleep — such as academics, physical appearance or athletic performance — and used these to help motivate the teens. The cognitive behavioral therapy also included giving them information about the body clock, sleep hygiene and strategies for waking up earlier on weekends.
In addition to the extra sleep, participants who received both light therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy went to bed an average of 50 minutes earlier than participants who had only cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, the participants receiving both therapies were six times more successful than those receiving only cognitive behavioral therapy at maintaining consistent bedtimes.
Prior studies of light therapy for resetting the circadian clock have shown that the early morning flashes of light must continue daily to be effective, Zeitzer said. “The cool part, for an intervention teens would potentially have to live with for years, is that it is completely passive. We set up the flashing light in the person’s bedroom and put it on a timer; they don’t have to wear a device, remember to turn it on, or do anything else.”
The flashing light used in the study was a programmable bridge beacon; it is not marketed as a sleep aid, Zeitzer said.
The next step, he said, is to figure out the best way to deliver brief cognitive behavioral therapy for improving sleep duration to large numbers of people.
The study’s other Stanford co-authors are Katherine Kaplan, PhD, clinical instructor in psychiatry and behavioral sciences, and research assistants Meital Mashash and Rayma Williams.
Scientists from Palo Alto University also contributed to the study. Stanford University holds a patent on the light therapy technique for resetting the body clock.
The study was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grant R21 HD073095-01), the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health and the Stanford Maternal & Child Health Research Institute.
Stanford’s Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences also supported the work.
