A new study shows that it is possible to use an imaging technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to view, in near-atomic detail, the architecture of a metabolic enzyme bound to a drug that blocks its activity. This advance provides a new path for solving molecular structures that may revolutionize drug development, noted the researchers.
The protein imaged in this study was a small bacterial enzyme called beta-galactosidase; the drug to which it was bound is an inhibitor called phenylethyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (PETG), which fits into a pocket in the enzyme. Enzymes are typically proteins that act to catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell. Understanding what an enzyme looks like, both with and without a drug bound to it, allows scientists to design new drugs that can either block that enzyme’s function (if the function is responsible for a disease), or enhance its activity (if lack of activity is causing a problem).
The study appeared online May 7, 2015, in Science Express. Sriram Subramaniam, Ph.D., of the National Cancer Instituteโs (NCI) Center for Cancer Research, led the research. NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health.
โThis represents a new era in imaging of proteins in humans with immense implications for drug design,โ said NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. โThis near-atomic level of imaging provides detailed information about the keys that unlock cellular processes.โ
Drug development efforts often involve mapping contacts between small molecules and their binding sites on proteins. These mappings require the highest possible resolutions so that the shape of the protein chain can be traced and the hydrogen bonds between the protein and the small molecules it interacts with can be discerned.
In this study, the researchers were able to visualize beta-galactosidase at a resolution of 2.2 angstroms (or ร โ about a billionth of a meter in size), which is comparable to the level of detail that has thus far been obtained only by using X-ray crystallography. At these high resolutions, there is enough information in the structure to reliably assist drug design and development efforts.
To determine structures by cryo-EM, protein suspensions are flash-frozen at liquid nitrogen temperatures (-196ยฐC to -210ยฐC , or -320ยฐF to -346ยฐF) so the water around the protein molecules stays liquid-like. The suspensions are then imaged with electrons to obtain molecular images that are averaged together to discern a three-dimensional (3D) protein structure.
โThe fact that cryo-EM technology allows us to image a relatively small protein at high resolution in a near-native environment, and knowing that the structure hasnโt been changed by crystallization, thatโs a game-changer,โ said Dr. Subramaniam.
In the study, using about 40,000 molecular images, the researchers were able to compute a 2.2 ร resolution map of the structure of beta-galactosidase bound to PETG. This map not only allowed the researchers to determine the positioning of PETG in the binding pocket but also enabled them to pick out individual ions and water molecules within the structure and to visualize in great detail the arrangement of the amino acids that make up the protein.
Dr. Subramaniam and colleagues have recently used cryo-EM to understand the functioning of a variety of medically important molecular machines, such as the envelope glycoproteins on HIV and glutamate receptors found in brain cells. Their new finding, however, represents the highest resolution that they or others have achieved to date for a structure determined by cryo-EM.
โCryo-EM is positioned to become an even more useful tool in structural biology and cancer drug development,โ said Douglas Lowy, M.D., acting director, NCI. โEven for proteins that are not amenable to crystallization, it could enable determination of their 3D structures at high resolution.โ
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College of Engineering at Unizah is a new college which is affiliated to Qassim University. It follows the same curriculum as that of the College of Engineering in the main campus.
ู ุงุฐุง ูู ูุฒ ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ [MEDIU] ุ
ุฃููุงู: ุงูุชูููุฉ ุงูุนุงููุฉ ูุงูุชุณูููุงุช ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉ: ุฅู ุงูุจููุฉ ุงูุชูููุฉ ูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ ู ุนุฏุฉ ูุชูุงุกู ุฃูุถู ุงูู ูุงุตูุงุช ุงูุนุตุฑูุฉ ูู ู ุฌุงู ุงูุชุนููู ุงูุงููุชุฑููู ูุงูุชุนููู ุนู ุจุนุฏุ ูุชุดู ู ุชูู ุงูุจููุฉ ุงูุชุญุชูุฉ ุงูุฃู ูุฑ ุงูุขุชูุฉ :
โข ู ููุน ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ ุงูู ุชู ูุฒ ุนูู ุงูุฅูุชุฑูุช ” http://www.mediu.edu.my ” : ูุงูุฐู ููุฏู ูุงูุฉ ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงูุฌุงู ุนูุฉ ุ ูุงูุชู ุชุดู ู ุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงููุจูู ูุงูุชุณุฌูู ูุงูุงุณุชูุณุงุฑ ูุงูุฏุฎูู ุนูู ุงูุฏุฑูุณ ุงูู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูุงูุชูุงุตู ู ุน ุงูู ุฏุฑุณูู ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑููู ุจุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ.
โข ุงููุธุงู ุงูุงููุชุฑููู ููุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุชุนููู ูุฉ ” ุนููู “ุ ูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุคูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ุจุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉุ ูุงูุฐู ูู ูู ููุงู ู ู ุงูุทุงูุจ ูุงูุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงูุฌุงู ุนู ูุงูู ุดุฑููู ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑููู ุนูู ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ูุงูุฉ ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูุงูุชูุงุตู ุงูู ุจุงุดุฑุ ูุจุซ ุงูู ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ูุฉ ูุฃุฏุงุก ุงูุชู ุงุฑูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ.
โข ุงูู ูุชุจุฉ ุงูุฑูู ูุฉ ุงูุดุงู ูุฉ http://www.mediu.edu.my/arb/elibrary/elibrary.htm ูุงูุชู ุชููุฑ ููุทุงูุจ ูุงูู ุญุงุถุฑ ุงูุฌุงู ุนู ุฃุบูุจ ุฃููุงุน ุงูู ุตููุงุช ูุงูู ุฑุงุฌุน ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ.
โข ู ุฑูุฒ ู ุชู ูุฒ ูุฎุฏู ุฉ ุงูุนู ูุงุกุ ูุงูุฐู ูู ูู ููุทุงูุจ ุฃู ุงูู ุญุงุถุฑ ุฃู ุงูู ุณุชูุณุฑ ู ู ุฎูุงูู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุฃู ููุน ู ู ุฃููุงุน ุงูุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงูู ุชุงุญุฉุ ูุชููุฑ ูู ุฅู ูุงููุฉ ุงูุชูุงุตู ุงูุณุฑูุน.
โข ุงูุตุจุบุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ : ุญูุซ ุฅู ุงูููุงุฏุฑ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ ูุงูุชุฏุฑูุณูุฉ ูู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุชูุญุฏุฑ ู ู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู ู ุงูุฌูุณูุงุช ูุงูุซูุงูุงุช ู ู ุดุชู ุฏูู ุงูุนุงูู ุ ู ู ุง ูููุฑ ููุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุตุจุบุฉ ุนุงูู ูุฉ ููุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุทูุจุฉ ุนูู ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงูุชุฃููู ูู ุงูุฌู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณู ุจุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ.
ุซุงูููุง: ุงูุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ุงูู ุชููุนุฉ ูุงูู ุนุชู ุฏุฉ:
ุญุฑุตุช ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ู ูุฐ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุนูู ูุถุน ุงูุฃุณุณ ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ูุฉ ูุชูุฏูู ุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ู ุชููุนุฉ ูู ู ุฑุงุญู: ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงูุชู ููุฏูุฉ ู ุง ูุจู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉุ ูุงูุฏุจููู ูุงูุจูุงููุฑููุณ ูุงูุฏุจููู ุงูุนุงูู ูุงูู ุงุฌุณุชูุฑ ูุตููุงู ุฅูู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุงูุ ูู ุนุฏุฏ ู ู ุงูุชุฎุตุตุงุช ุงูุนูู ูุฉ ุดู ูุช ุชุฎุตุตุงุช ุงูุนููู ุงูุฅุณูุงู ูุฉ ูุงููุบุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉุ ูุงูุนููู ุงูู ุงููุฉ ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉุ ูุนููู ุงูุญุงุณุจ ุงูุขููุ ูุงูุชุฑุจูุฉุ ูุงูุนููู ุงูุชุทุจูููุฉุ ููุชู ุงุนุชู ุงุฏ ุฌู ูุน ุงูุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ู ุณุจูุงู ููุจู ุทุฑุญูุง ู ู ูุจู ููุฆุฉ ุงูุงุนุชู ุงุฏุงุช ูุงูู ูุงุตูุงุช ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ูุฉ ุงูู ุงููุฒูุฉ ุงูุชุงุจุนุฉ ููุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงูุชุนููู ุงูุนุงูู ุจุฏููุฉ ู ุงููุฒูุง ูุงูู ุนุชุฑู ุจูุง ุนุงูู ูุงู ูุงูุชู ุชุนุฑู ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑุงู ุจู[MQA]ุ ููุฏ ุญุตูุช ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุนูู ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ูุจุฑุงู ุฌูุง ุงูู ุชู ูุฒุฉ ูู ุฃูุซุฑ ู ู 90 ุจุฑูุงู ุฌุงู ุฏุฑุงุณูุงู.
ุนูุฏุช “ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ” ุฅุญุฏู ุฃููู ุงูู ุคุณุณุงุช ุงูุชุนููู ูุฉ ุงูุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ูู ู ุงููุฒูุง ูู ู ุฌุงู ุงูุชุนููู ุงูุนุงูู ูู ุชูุฏูู ุนุฏุฏ ู ู ุงูุจุฑุงู ุฌ ูุงูุชุฎุตุตุงุช ุงูุชู ูู ูุณุจู ุฅูููุง ูู ู ุฌุงู ุงูุชุนููู ุงูุงููุชุฑููู .
ุซุงูุซูุง: (ุงูุชุนููู ุนู ุจุนุฏ( ู ู ุฎูุงู ุฎู ุณุฉ ูููุงุช ู ูุฒุนุฉ ูุงูุฃุชู :-
1. ูููุฉ ุงูุนููู ุงูุฅุณูุงู ูุฉ
2. ูููุฉ ุงููุบุงุช
3. ูููุฉ ุงูุญุงุณุจ ูุชูููุฉ ุงูู ุนููู ุงุช
4. ูููุฉ ุงูุนููู ุงูู ุงููุฉ ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ
5. ูููุฉ ุงูุชุฑุจูุฉ
6. ูููุฉ ุงูููุฏุณุฉ
7. ู ุฑูุฒ ุงููุบุงุช
8. ู ุฑูุฒ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงูุชู ููุฏูุฉ ููู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฌุงู ุนูุฉ.
ุฑุงุจุนูุง: ุงูู ููุฌ ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ุงูู ุญูู :
ุญูุซ ุญุฑุตุช “ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ” ู ูุฐ ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ุนูู ุถุจุท ุงูู ููุฌ ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ููุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูุฅุนุฏุงุฏู ูุชุญูู ูู ู ู ูุจู ุฌูุงุช ู ุนุชู ุฏุฉ ูู ุดููุฏ ููุง ุจุงูู ุนุฑูุฉ ูุงูุฎุจุฑุฉุ ูุชููู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุจุชูุฏูู ูุงู ู ุงูู ููุฌ ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ุงูู ุญูู ู ุณุฌูุงู ุจุงูุตูุช ูุงููุต ูุงูู ุฑุงุฌุน ูุงูู ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูู ูุณู ุงู ุนูู ุงูู ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ููู ุงูุชูููู ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ุจุดูู ู ุณุจู ุฅูู ุงูุทูุจุฉ ุงูู ูุชุญููู ุจูุง ูุชุณูู ุจุฐูู ูู ุฑูุน ู ุณุชูุงูู ุงูุชุนููู ูุ ูุชุญูู ุงูุฌูุฏุฉ ุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ูุฉ ุงูู ุณุชูุฏูุฉ.
ุฎุงู ุณูุง: ุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุชุทููุฑ ุดุงู ูุฉ ููุทูุจุฉ:
ู ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงูุชู ุชูุฏู ูุง “ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ [MEDIU]” ุนุจุฑ ู ุฑูุฒูุง ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ุฃู ู ุฑุงูุฒ ุงูุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงูุชุงุจุนุฉ ููุง ูุนุฏุฏูุง ุชุณุนุฉ ูู ูู ู ู ( ุงููููุช โ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ โ ุฅูุฏูููุณูุง โ ุชุงููุงูุฏ โ ู ุตุฑ โ ุณูุบุงููุฑุฉ โ ู ุงููุฒูุง โ ุจุฑูุทุงููุง- ุงูู ุบุฑุจ- ุบุงูุง )ุ ูุฅู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุชูุฏู ูุทูุงุจูุง ุงูู ูุงุฑุงุช ุงูุนูู ูุฉ ูุงูุชุฑุจููุฉ ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ุฅูู ุฌุงูุจ ุงูุชุนููู ุงูู ูุฌู ุถู ู ุฎุจุฑุงุช ูุฐุฉ ูุจูุฆุฉ ููุณุงุฆู ุชุนููู ูุฉ ุณูุนุชุจุฑูุง ุฎุฑูุฌู ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุจุฃููุง ูุฏ ุบูุฑุช ู ุฌุฑู ุญูุงุชูู ุ ูุฐุง ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุฃู ุงููุงุฏุฑ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑู ูุงูุฃูุงุฏูู ู ุจุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ู ุคูู ุนูู ุฃุนูู ุงูู ุณุชููุงุชุ ูู ุฒูุฏ ุจุฎุจุฑุงุช ูุงุณุนุฉ ูู ุทุฑู ุงูุชุนููู ูุงูุฅุดุฑุงูุ ู ู ุง ูููุฑ ุฃูุณุจ ุงููุฑุต ููุทูุงุจ ูุชูู ูุฉ ู ูุงุฑุงุชูู ุงูููุงุฏุฉ ู ู ุฎูุงู ู ุฌุชู ุน ุนุงูู ู ู ุชููุนุ ูุชุนุฏ ุงูุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุทูุงุจูุง ูุชุฒูุฏูู ุจู ูุงุฑุงุช ูุฅู ูุงููุงุช ู ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุ ูู ูุงุฑุงุช ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู ุงูุชูููุฉ ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉุ ูุฅุฌุงุฏุฉ ุงููุบุงุช ุงูู ุฎุชููุฉุ ูู ูุงุฑุงุช ุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ ูุงูู ูุงุฑุงุช ุงูููุงุฏูุฉ ูุงูุฃูุดุทุฉ ุงูุฅุฌุชู ุงุนูุฉ ูุงูุฑูุงุถูุฉ.
ุณุงุฏุณูุง: ุฑุณูู ุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ู ุนูููุฉ:
ุชูุฏู ุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ [MEDIU] ุชุนููู ุงู ุฑุงููุงู ุจุฑุณูู ุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ู ุนูููุฉุ ุญูุซ ุชุจูุบ ุงูุฑุณูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุงูุฏุจููู ูู ุงูุนููู ุงูู ุงููุฉ ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ ูุงูุญุงุณุจ ุงูุขูู (ุงูู ุนุงุฏู ูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูููุณุงูุณ) ุญูุงูู [4000] ุฏููุงุฑ ุฃู ุฑููู ูุทูู ู ุฏุฉ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูุงูุชู ุชุชุฑูุงุญ ู ุง ุจูู ุณูุชูู ููุตู ุฅูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุณููุงุชุ ุจููู ุง ุชุจูุบ ุฅุฌู ุงูู ููู ุฉ ุงูุฑุณูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูู ุจุฑุงู ุฌ ุงูุจูุงููุฑููุณ ูู ุงูุนููู ุงูุฅุณูุงู ูุฉ ูุงููุบุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ููุงู ู ู ุฏุฉ ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูุงูุชู ุชุจูุบ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุณููุงุช ูู ุญูุงูู [6000] ุฅูู [7000] ุฏููุงุฑุฃู ุฑูููุ ููุจูุบ ู ุชูุณุท ุงูุฑุณูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณูุฉ ูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูู ุงุฌุณุชูุฑ ูู ุงูุนููู ุงูุฅุณูุงู ูุฉ ูุงููุบุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ูุงูู ู ุชุฏุฉ ูู ุฏุฉ ุณููุชู ุญูุงูู [6000] ุฏููุงุฑ ุฃู ุฑููู.
ุงุณู ุญูุง ููุง ุฃู ูุฎุชู ูุฐุง ุงูุฎุทุงุจ ุงูุชุนุฑููู ุจุฃู ูุณุทุฑ ุฌุฒูู ุงูุดูุฑ ูุงูุชูุฏูุฑ ููู ุนูู ุงุทูุงุนูู ุนููู ุขู ููู ููู ุงูู ุฒูุฏ ู ู ุงููุฌุงุญ ูุงูุชูุฏู ูุงูุงุฒุฏูุงุฑุ ูู ุชุทูุนูู ุฅูู ุงูู ุฒูุฏ ู ู ุขูุงู ุงูุชุนุงูู ูุงูุชุนุงุถุฏ ุงูู ุซู ุฑุฉ ูุงูุจูุงุก.
ุชุญูุงุชูุง ููู
ูุฑูู ุงูุชุณููู ุจุฌุงู ุนุฉ ุงูู ุฏููุฉ ุงูุนุงูู ูุฉ ุจู ุงููุฒูุง