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Close up of lung tumor cells

Drug Turns Cancer Gene Into “Eat Me” Flag for Immune System

Depressed woman

Half of moms of kids with autism have high depressive symptoms

This CT scan shows serious brain injury. A simple blood test offers a more accurate prediction of whether the patient will die or survive with severe disabilities. Image provided by UCSF

Blood tests in newly brain-injured patients predict death, severe disability

In a study of Drosophila fruit flies, NIH scientists found that only about 30% of the genes that are hallmarks for aging may set an animal's internal clock. The rest may reflect the body's response to bacteria. Above is a picture of a Drosophila gut, a key source of bacteria.

Scientists Map Networks of Disease-Associated Immune Genes

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Doxycycline After Unprotected Sex Significantly Reduced STIs

Pregnant woman with doctor

Study of Pregnant Women Finds Increasing Chemical Exposure

Before (left) and after (right) photos of a patient who udnerwent a scarless transoral chondrolaryngoplasty (TOC) procedure. Images by Rahul Seth

Surgeons Develop Effective Scarless Adam’s Apple Surgery

A sick woman.

COVID Drug May Also Ease Symptoms of Long COVID

The newly discovered circuit facilitates the ability to focus attention on what’s important in the environment and ignore other sensory stimuli, said the study’s lead author, Ruchi Malik, PhD. “It’s as if the PFC is taking in all of this sensory information and saying ‘Hey, hippocampus, we’re here in this particular context, so pay attention to this particular information right now,’” Malik said. She gives the example of a parking lot as a context in which the PFC exerts that kind of top-down control over the hippocampus. “To remember where you parked, the PFC would tell the hippocampus to selectively pay attention to landmarks, and then recall and seek out those landmarks when you return,” said Malik. Fine-Tuning Attention by Inhibiting Neurons Most unique about this circuit is the complex way that it accomplishes the task of focusing attention: it heightens and focuses activity in specific microcircuits of the hippocampus by turning off signals that would otherwise tamp down those microcircuits. The result is a very clear signal from the PFC telling the hippocampus what to attend to, and an extremely deft means of fine-tuning that message as surroundings change. The team showed this by putting mice into a small arena for 10 minutes, where there were a few small objects. While exploring the arena, the mice would inspect the objects for a minute or two, and then move on. By looking at activity in the brains of the mice, the researchers saw that the signals between the two brain regions synchronized. When a mouse passed that object again, the researchers could see that the signals within the hippocampus were refined and enhanced. “There was this dialogue happening; the hippocampus was mapping the locations of objects in space and the PFC was instructing the hippocampus on the relevance of each location,” said Malik. The team also found that data indicated which neurons were firing at a given time and identify where the mouse was at that moment, confirming that brain activity changes as the mouse approaches or investigates an object that the PFC has deemed important. This suggests that as the hippocampus is mapping the environment, it is also becoming fine-tuned to produce certain patterns of neural activity when the prefrontal cortex detects that the mouse is approaching an important target such as a new object. Dysfunction of Brain Circuit May Be Linked to Dementia, ADHD The team would like to get a better sense of the role this circuit might play in executive function, and what the consequences are when it’s not able to do its job effectively. Malik believes that dysfunction in this pathway may underlie cognitive issues related to attention or memory, such as dementia, ADHD or psychiatric disorders. Their next move toward that goal is to get a sense of how this circuit impacts behavior by looking at how it functions during more complex activities, like using information stored in working memory to decide which path to follow to find a reward. Malik thinks it’s likely that this connection from the higher-order, cognitive part of the brain to the more ancient and universal wayfinding center may exert broad influence. “To operate in a complex environment, to go look for food or rewards and then come back, you need to be able to pay attention to specific stimuli and arrange them in space in a precise way,” she said. “The filtering job of this circuit is absolutely essential.” This research was supported by NIMH grants R01MH106507 and R01MH117961. Additional authors: Yi LI, MD and Selin Schamiloglu, both of UCSF.

Finding Your Car in a Parking Lot Relies on this Newly Discovered Brain Circuit

Your mental health may impact your chances of breakthrough COVID

48% of young adults struggled with mental health in mid-2021

Psilocybin rewires the brain for people with depression

Loss of neurons, not lack of sleep, makes Alzheimer’s patients drowsy

3D Facial Analysis Shows Biologic Basis for Gender-Affirming Surgery

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