The “Great Firewall of China,” used by the government of the People’s Republic of China to block users from reaching content it finds objectionable, is actually a “panopticon” that encourages self-censorship through the perception that users are being watched, rather than a true firewall, according to researchers at UC Davis and the University of New Mexico.
The researchers are developing an automated tool, called ConceptDoppler, to act as a weather report on changes in Internet censorship in China. ConceptDoppler uses mathematical techniques to cluster words by meaning and identify keywords that are likely to be blacklisted.
Many countries carry out some form of Internet censorship. Most rely on systems that block specific Web sites or Web addresses, said Earl Barr, a graduate student in computer science at UC Davis who is an author on the paper. China takes a different approach by filtering Web content for specific keywords and selectively blocking Web pages.
In 2006, a team at the University of Cambridge, England, discovered that when the Chinese system detects a banned word in data traveling across the network, it sends a series of three “reset” commands to both the source and the destination. These “resets” effectively break the connection. But they also allow researchers to test words and see which ones are censored.
Barr, along with Jed Crandall, a recent UC Davis graduate who is now an assistant professor of computer science at the School of Engineering, University of New Mexico; UC Davis graduate students Daniel Zinn and Michael Byrd; and independent researcher Rich East sent messages to Internet addresses within China containing a variety of different words that might be subject to censorship.
If China’s censorship system were a true firewall, most blocking would take place at the border with the rest of the Internet, Barr said. But the researchers found that some messages passed through several routers before being blocked.
A firewall would also block all mentions of a banned word or phrase, but banned words reached their destinations on about 28 percent of the tested paths, Byrd said. Filtering was particularly erratic at times of heavy Internet use.
The words used to probe the Chinese Internet were not selected at random.
“If we simply bombarded the Great Firewall with random words, we would waste resources and time,” Zinn said.
The researchers took the Chinese version of Wikipedia, extracted individual words and used a mathematical technique called latent semantic analysis to work out the relationships between different words. If one of the words was censored within China, they could look up which other closely related words are likely to be blocked as well.
Examples of words tested by the researchers and found to be banned included references to the Falun Gong movement and the protest movements of 1989; Nazi Germany and other historical events; and general concepts related to democracy and political protest.
“Imagine you want to remove the history of the Wounded Knee massacre from the Library of Congress,” Crandall said. “You could remove ‘Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee’ and a few other selected books, or you could remove every book in the entire library that contains the word ‘massacre.'”
By analogy, Chinese Internet censorship based on keyword filtering is the equivalent of the latter — and indeed, the keyword “massacre” (in Chinese) is on the blacklist.
Because it filters ideas rather than specific Web sites, keyword filtering stops people from using proxy servers or “mirror” Web sites to evade censorship. But because it is not completely effective all the time, it probably acts partly by encouraging self-censorship, Barr said. When users within China see that certain words, ideas and concepts are blocked most of the time, they might assume that they should avoid those topics.
The original panopticon was a prison design developed by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. Bentham proposed that a central observer would be able to watch all the prisoners, while the prisoners would not know when they were being watched.
The work will be presented at the Association for Computing Machinery Computer and Communications Security Conference in Alexandria, Va., Oct. 29-Nov. 2, 2007.
http://www.news.ucdavis.edu
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They are cheating with their people. Actually they are trying to keep the internet user out of the world I say.
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They can’t block all of the proxies in the world. If they want to block onlie opposition, their best choice is to cut off the cable at all. James
Good article. Just as it is written on the country. It’s like a robot from the matrix wrote. Such as spyware reviews for example. Or just where the text is copied. But this is just speculation on my part …
How about doing the opposite. Block China out instead?
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There are so many internet fraud in China, few times ago Gmail has been hacked by chinese hacker @ Criminal Minds
This internet censorship crap is getting way out control. Chain is a real night mare I know but even some well civilized nations do it these days. I can understand if a nation blocks access to child P0rnorgaphics and the like but blocking a word like massacre doesn’t really make sense at all. What the logic behind that. Does the person blocking the information hopping that topic is not good for me has better understanding of life than me and can protect me from the evil done in this world.
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Excellent Article. China needs to start moving towards better freedom of speech, or something bad will probably happen…
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China famous for the electronic gadgets have stepped ahead and in a process of controlling the Internet’s Fraud in their county. THe researchers are in search and are in a process of developing an aotomated tool known a ConceptDoppler. ConceptDoppler uses mathematical techniques to cluster words by meaning and identify keywords that are likely to be blacklisted. THis is a good news and china is in process to reduce Internet fraud. Thanks for such nice article..THanks for sharing such a useful information…Newark moving companies
The researchers are developing an automated tool, called ConceptDoppler, to act as a weather report on changes in Internet censorship in China. ConceptDoppler uses mathematical techniques to cluster words by meaning and identify keywords ,.Thank you,.creare site web
Really interesting piece. Shame my firewall is not as effective! I have friends in China and they say the kids still get through and watch inappropriate content. Firewalls are always behind the imagination and ingenuity of children. Rich@debt solutions
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The Chinese are great. Slowly but surely they are marching to success. Minds they have and they use them. Especially since they were most in the world.
Great article.. very informative
china have very big internet market and also handle with deep eyes . disability insurance
To some extent, I do admire the gov of china to monitor all the internet connection throughout the mainland. What a huge resources they have. used stationary bikes
I came search9ng for this topic and I came across your blog through Google. Your article is very informative. I will keep up withn your update.
Government censors disabled keyword searches for “Urumqi”, & blocked access to Facebook & Twitter as well as local options Fanfou & Youku. Chinese news sites Watch Anime chiefly fed from Xinhua news service for updates about the rioting in Urumqi, comments features on sites were disabled on some tales to prevent negative posts about the dearth of news…
i think it’s lightyears away from realization. but if they are working hard, they may achieve it. Rocket German Premium Review Rocket French Review Power4Home Review
This post remind me of the issue Google had with China…
I wonder how things actually work from there but i cannot strike a balance now between law and culture.
I am planning to use make a compilation of law essays that i have made for two years. They are all about he conflict of law and culture and which should we retain.
What you think?
China’s panopticon reminds me of George Orwell’s dystopia, 1984, where the government is continuously forging the history by editing all the evidence, and the population is mentally controlled by removing words from the dictionary and thus limiting everyone’s thinking capacity. Tim O’Reiley Data Recovery
china, is indeed, destined for great things.. they have artifacts and proof of their hard labor, and now they conquer the world wide web, in development and technological innovations. surely, nothing’s shocking here, it’s just about time that china takes their part on a digital world!
its still not as far fetched as we think.
His is a good news and china is in process to reduce Internet fraud. Thanks for such nice article.
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China famous for the electronic gadgets have stepped ahead and in a process of controlling the Internet’s Fraud in their county. THe researchers are in search and are in a process of developing an aotomated tool known a ConceptDoppler. ConceptDoppler uses mathematical techniques to cluster words by meaning and identify keywords that are likely to be blacklisted. THis is a good news and china is in process to reduce Internet fraud. Thanks for such nice article..THanks for sharing such a useful information…
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