Do Dogs Judge People? Study Finds Even Older Dogs Stay Neutral

We love to think of our dogs as wise judges of character — quick to snub a selfish stranger and cozy up to someone kind. But a new observational study from Kyoto University suggests that even our most experienced canine companions may not be making such judgments after all. Researchers tested whether pet dogs of different ages could form opinions about humans based on generosity and found no evidence that dogs, young or old, preferred helpful people over stingy ones.

Dogs watched others interact — then chose at random

The research team, led by Hoi-Lam Jim, observed how 40 pet dogs behaved after watching two unfamiliar humans interact with another dog. One person played the “generous” role, feeding the dog, while the other withheld food. Later, the dogs were released to interact freely with the two humans.

Across all age groups — young (1–3 years), adult (4–7 years), and senior (8–12 years) — the dogs showed no consistent preference for the generous person. “It’s clear that reputation formation may be more complex than previously thought, even for animals like dogs that closely cooperate with humans,” Jim explained. Even after directly experiencing generosity and selfishness firsthand, dogs still didn’t reliably favor the kind partner over the stingy one.

Key findings from the study:

• Dogs across all age groups chose randomly between generous and selfish humans.
• Even direct interaction with the humans didn’t change their choices significantly.
• Time spent engaging in affiliative behaviors with each human also did not favor the generous partner.
• No baseline bias was detected before the experiment began, ruling out pre-existing preferences.

Why don’t dogs seem to judge?

This finding contrasts with what some earlier studies suggested — that dogs might avoid unhelpful or unfriendly people. But many of those studies suffered from subtle design flaws, such as not controlling for “local enhancement,” where dogs simply follow cues of where food is located rather than making true judgments about character. The Kyoto team tried to eliminate those confounds, which may help explain why their results differed.

Jim noted that the experiment’s design itself might have limited the dogs’ ability to display subtle preferences. “It is possible that methodological challenges in the experimental design, particularly the use of a two-choice test, may explain our negative findings, rather than an absence of capacity,” they wrote in the paper, which appeared in Animal Cognition.

What’s next for canine cognition research?

The study points to a bigger question: do dogs even need to evaluate our reputations to succeed alongside humans? Future research, the authors suggest, should test dogs with more ecologically valid scenarios — perhaps including working dogs like service or police dogs, and free-ranging street dogs, who may rely more on social evaluation in daily life.

For now, dog lovers can rest easy knowing that their pets’ loyalty seems unconditional. Whether we earn it or not? That’s a question science has yet to answer.

Study: “Do dogs form reputations of humans? No effect of age after indirect and direct experience in a food-giving situation” published June 28, 2025 in Animal Cognition, doi: 10.1007/s10071-025-01967-w.